2012

2012 was a year in the Gregorian calendar, beginning on Sunday, 1 January, and ending on 31 December. It was a leap year, meaning February had 29 days and the year contained 366 days.

The year was marked by significant political, economic, and technological events globally. These included the continuation of the Arab Spring uprisings from previous years, the eurozone debt crisis affecting European countries using the euro, and major elections held in several large nations.

Global politics

Many countries held national elections in 2012. The United States held its presidential election in November, which was won by Barack Obama for a second term. France held its presidential election in May, won by François Hollande. Russia saw Vladimir Putin return to the presidency following March elections. In China, the Communist Party held its 18th congress, which elevated Xi Jinping to the position of party leader.

Conflict and security

Syria's ongoing civil war intensified in 2012, with warring factions fighting over control of major cities. In Somalia, the year saw the completion of a transition process: a provisional constitution was ratified, the Federal Parliament was established, and an official government replaced the Transitional Federal Government (TFG).

Economics

Europe experienced a eurozone debt crisis affecting Greece, Spain, and other countries, leading to implementation of financial assistance programs and austerity measures. The European Central Bank undertook measures aimed at stabilizing debt markets.

Other events

The 2012 Summer Olympic Games were hosted by London, marking the third time the city had hosted the Olympics. The year also saw widespread discussion regarding the Mayan calendar and 21 December 2012, which some interpreted as the end of the world; historians and climate scientists rejected this interpretation.