Abaya (garment)

An abaya (Arabic: عباءة) is a long, flowing garment worn over other clothing. It typically covers the entire body from the shoulders down to the ankles or feet, while the face and hands generally remain exposed. It is widespread in the Arabian Peninsula and the Arabian Gulf region, and is also worn in parts of the Middle East, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa.

The abaya is usually worn with additional head coverings, such as a scarf or hijab; some women wear a niqab underneath it to cover the face. The most common color is black, though other colors and embroidered patterns also exist.

Structure and materials

Abayas are made from various fabrics: silk, polyester, crepe, and lightweight materials that are heat-resistant. Designs include versions with embroidery on the sleeves (in a geometric pattern), open fronts with buttons or a zipper, and styles that slip over the head. Some are decorated with appliqué, lace, or colored embroidery.

Social and religious use

Many people regard the abaya as part of Islamic dress requirements, which stipulate that clothing should conceal the body's shape. Others wear it for cultural or regional custom reasons that are not directly tied to religious observance. State laws vary: some countries have made it mandatory in public spaces, while in other places it remains a personal choice.

Commerce and fashion

Since the end of the twentieth century, the abaya has become a substantial commercial market. Designers from the Gulf region and internationally produce modern versions that blend traditional silhouette with contemporary fashion, and fashion shows featuring abayas are held in cities such as Dubai and Riyadh.