Bear

Bears (Ursidae), also called buti, are a family of mammals belonging to the order Carnivora, which comprises meat-eating animals. They are relatively few in species but possess large bodies, short legs, strong claws, and very short tails.

Bears are found in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and parts of the Arctic. Most species have varied diets (omnivorous): fruit, vegetables, insects, fish, and meat. Only two species rely heavily on a single food source — the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), which is carnivorous, and the giant panda, which feeds on bamboo.

Physical characteristics

Bears have a bulky body, dense fur, and a large head with strong jaw muscles. The hardness of their molars exceeds that of other carnivores, which aids them in crushing bones and tough vegetation. They walk on four legs but are capable of standing and walking briefly on two hind legs. Their eyesight and hearing are moderate, but their sense of smell is exceptionally keen and is the primary method by which they locate food.

Species

Well-known species include the brown bear (Ursus arctos), found in Europe, Asia, and North America; the American black bear (Ursus americanus); the polar bear of the Arctic (Ursus maritimus); the Asiatic black bear with white markings; the sloth bear of India; the sun bear of Southeast Asia; the spectacled bear of the Andes in South America; and the giant panda of China.

Behavior and reproduction

Bears are typically solitary animals, except during mating and when mothers care for offspring. Many species inhabiting cold regions enter a state of prolonged sleep (hibernation) during winter, during which metabolic rate and heart rate decrease. Females typically give birth to one to three very small cubs that remain dependent on the mother for a period of months to two years.

Relationship with humans and conservation

Conflict between bears and humans arises when bears seek food in human-populated areas, such as orchards, farms, or livestock. The greatest threats to many species include habitat loss, illegal hunting, and trade in animal parts. The polar bear is additionally affected by sea ice loss, on which it depends for hunting marine animals.