Domestic violence

Domestic violence is a pattern of harmful behavior that occurs within family or intimate relationships. It includes physical assault, intimidation, economic control, and emotional abuse. These acts typically do not occur as isolated incidents; they form a pattern of coercion based on power imbalance.

The term "domestic violence" is sometimes used narrowly to refer only to abuse between spouses, but most legal systems define it more broadly to include children, elderly parents, and household members. Definitions vary by country, affecting how incidents are classified.

Types

Physical violence includes hitting, pushing, and weapon use. Psychological abuse involves persistent threats, intimidation, and social isolation. Economic abuse refers to the control of money or employment to prevent a person from becoming independent. There is also sexual abuse and harm inflicted directly on children.

Associated factors

Researchers link incidents to social attitudes about gender power dynamics, substance use, mental health conditions, poverty, and prior exposure to violence. These factors are not sole causes and do not excuse abuse; they only increase statistical likelihood.

Legal and social response

Many countries have enacted laws permitting protective orders to prevent an abuser from approaching victims. Shelter homes, 24-hour hotlines, and free legal services have also been established. The effectiveness of these systems depends on police training, court responsiveness, and victims' confidence that reporting will bring change.