Homework

Homework (also called schoolwork) is an educational task assigned by a teacher to students to be completed typically at home after class ends. It may consist of reading, mathematical exercises, writing, information gathering, or exam preparation. The usual purpose is for students to review what was taught in class and to work independently.

Homework is part of education systems in most parts of the world, but its extent, duration, and method of evaluation vary considerably from country to country and from level to level. It is also among the topics of ongoing debate in education—particularly regarding the burden placed on students and differences in home circumstances.

Types and purposes

Homework is generally divided into several types. Practice, which reinforces a skill that has been learned, such as mathematics exercises. Preparation, in which students read material in advance of an upcoming lesson. Extension, in which students apply their knowledge to a new situation. And long-term projects involving research and data analysis. Teachers also use homework to identify areas where students have not understood the material.

Debate over effectiveness

Many education research studies have indicated that the relationship between homework and educational progress depends on student age: the effect is smaller in primary school levels and larger in secondary school. Similarly, the quality and design of the task is considered more important than the number of hours spent. Critics raise concerns about mental strain, reduced time for rest and play, and the fact that families of students who have resources and support may benefit more than others—a situation that can worsen educational inequality.

Policy and contemporary changes

Some schools and education authorities have set limits on homework duration for each level, or have eliminated it at primary levels. Others have adopted the 'flipped classroom' model, in which students watch or read lessons at home and class time is used for activities. The growth of digital tools and internet-based programs has changed how homework is assigned, delivered, and assessed, raising questions about internet access and the use of artificial intelligence tools that generate answers.