Masculinity

Masculinity is the collection of characteristics, qualities and roles that societies commonly associate with men. It comprises two intertwined dimensions: the biological aspect of male sex, and the social dimension of ideas that are learned and evolve. In social science, masculinity is generally understood as something that society constructs and changes, rather than a fixed and universal trait.

The Somali word 'rag' refers to the category of male people, while 'ragannimo' is used for the values and qualities expected of men. In everyday use, 'ragannimo' often refers to courage, strength, responsibility and authority in managing the household—though these traits are not understood identically across all societies.

Biology and society

Biologically, males are distinguished by reproductive organs, hormones such as testosterone, and physical changes during puberty: a deeper voice, body hair, and greater muscle mass. Socially, masculinity is learned through family, peers, school, religion and media. Distinguishing these two dimensions helps explain why ideas about masculine behaviour differ from one country to another and across time.

Social roles

In many societies, men are associated with roles of provision, protection and decision-making in the household and community. In farming and pastoral economies, physically demanding labour and long journeys are often assigned to men. Economic change, urbanization and women's increased participation in paid work have altered these role divisions in many places over recent generations.

Multiple and varied masculinities

Social researchers have proposed that every society contains a form of masculinity that is dominant (often called 'hegemonic masculinity') by which other men are measured and ranked. Therefore, men within the same country but of different ages, classes or regions may hold different ideas about masculinity. This idea suggests that there is no single 'masculinity' that is universal.

Health and behaviour

Ideas about masculinity influence health decisions. In contexts where strength means the absence of weakness, some men avoid visiting doctors or discussing mental health. Some public health programmes have specifically tested messaging that challenges these ideas in order to prevent avoidance of treatment.

Contemporary debates

Contemporary discussions focus on how ideas of masculinity affect sexual orientation, fatherhood and men's involvement in household work. Another line of debate concerns younger men experiencing economic change that has eliminated their previous roles. Views on how to manage this shift vary widely and are tied to the political and religious values of each society.