Pregnancy

Pregnancy is the condition in which a woman carries an embryo and later a fetus developing in the uterus. It begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg and the fertilized egg implants in the lining of the uterus, and ends with childbirth or miscarriage.

The typical duration is measured at approximately 40 weeks from the first day of the last menstrual period, equivalent to about nine months. Healthcare providers divide this period into three phases called trimesters.

How pregnancy begins

An egg released from the ovary meets sperm in the fallopian tube. After fertilization, the cells divide as they travel to the uterus, where they implant in the lining. The placenta then forms, which transfers nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and returns waste products.

Signs and changes

Early signs include cessation of menstruation, breast tenderness and soreness (usually in the morning), nausea, fatigue, and increased urination. The diagnosis is confirmed through testing of urine or blood for the hCG hormone, and ultrasound imaging is used to assess the age and health of the fetus.

Care during pregnancy

Regular health visits monitor blood pressure, weight, anemia, and blood glucose. Folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy reduces the risk of birth defects. Smoking, alcohol, and certain medications are discouraged.

Potential complications

Complications include miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the uterus), gestational diabetes, and high blood pressure known as preeclampsia. Timely healthcare generally reduces risks to both mother and child.