Vaginal discharge

Vaginal discharge is a fluid that exits the vagina and consists of secretions from the cervix, shed cells from the vaginal lining, and a small amount of fluid from glands inside the vagina. It is a normal process by which the body cleans itself: the discharge carries away dead cells and protects the vagina and the chemical balance of the interior.

The quantity and appearance of discharge vary depending on hormone levels. It is typically white or translucent, odourless, and sometimes thick or thin. Changes in colour, odour, thickness, or accompanying pain and discomfort are generally considered signs that warrant medical evaluation.

Function

The vaginal lining continuously sheds cells. Lactobacillus bacteria living in the vagina convert sugar into acid, lowering pH levels. A highly acidic environment inhibits the growth of other microorganisms. Thus normal discharge is part of natural immunity and is not merely something to be eliminated.

Changes during the menstrual cycle

During the menstrual cycle, oestrogen and progesterone levels change the characteristics of cervical secretions. Around ovulation, discharge becomes abundant, white, and flows like raw egg white. Afterwards, it typically becomes scanty and thick. Pregnancy, sexual arousal, hormonal changes, and the duration of the menstrual cycle also have effects.

When changes have health significance

Common conditions that alter discharge include Candida fungal infection (usually thick white discharge accompanied by itching), bacterial vaginosis, a disruption of vaginal bacteria (thin discharge with odour), and sexually transmitted infections such as trichomoniasis, chlamydia, and gonorrhoea. Bloody discharge outside the menstrual cycle, lower abdominal pain, or fever warrant medical assessment.

Hygiene

External cleaning with water and mild soap is usually sufficient. Internal irrigation (douching) and scented soaps can disrupt the balance of vaginal bacteria and pH, which may increase the risk of infection.