13

13 was a year in the first century of the Common Era (Anno Domini), the system of year numbering most widely used in the world today. It fell during the period when the Roman state held dominion over much of the Mediterranean coast.

The people living in that region did not use the numeral '13'. The Romans identified years by the names of the two annually elected consuls, or by counting from the foundation of the city of Rome (ab urbe condita). The system of dating by the Common Era was devised many centuries later and gradually spread throughout Europe.

System of dating

The year 13 fell within the Julian calendar system, which Julius Caesar introduced around 46 BC. The Julian calendar has years of 365 days, with an extra day added every fourth year. Later, the Gregorian calendar replaced it to correct a minor mathematical error. When early dates are converted to the Gregorian calendar, discrepancies of several days can occur.

Political situation of the period

The Roman empire was ruled by Augustus, recognized as the first emperor. In his final years he was arranging the succession of power, and Tiberius is said to have been granted extended authority over civil and military affairs. Augustus died in 14 AD, making 13 one of the last years of his reign.

Modern use

Today '13' is used as a historical reference only, particularly in chronological lists in encyclopedias and data repositories such as Wikidata. These lists connect events, people, and places said to be associated with that year, indicating the reliability of each entry.