Apple

The apple is a round fruit produced by a tree called Malus domestica, which belongs to the Rosaceae family (the rose family). The tree is tall with leaves that fall in winter, and it produces white or pale pink flowers. The fruits have varied skin colors—red, green, or brown—with firm flesh that is sweet or tart, and a core containing small seeds.

Apples are grown in many regions of the world, especially in areas with cool climates during the growing season. Each variety descends from selection and breeding carried out over long periods; the varieties commonly grown are typically propagated by grafting rather than from seed, to ensure uniform fruit.

Origin and distribution

Scientists link the cultivated apple to a wild species originating in central Asia, particularly in the mountains of central Asia. Ancient trade routes brought the fruit and seeds to the Middle East and Europe, where people further developed the varieties. Following European exploration, apples were introduced to the Americas, Australia, and southern Africa.

Cultivation

The apple tree requires a cold period in which it remains dormant in order to produce flowers. For this reason, orchards are concentrated in temperate regions with distinct seasons. Most varieties require another tree with flowers blooming at the same time for pollination, which is typically carried out by bees. Growers prune branches to allow light penetration and treat trees against pests and fungal diseases affecting leaves and fruit.

Use and nutrition

Apples can be eaten fresh and are made into juice, cider, vinegar, jam, and dried fruit. They are rich in carbohydrates and fiber. Apples contain water and fiber (components that aid digestion) and contain moderate amounts of vitamin C. The skin contains most of the fiber and natural compounds.

Storage

Apples can be stored for long periods when refrigerated. Factories use rooms with controlled atmosphere in which oxygen is reduced, slowing the ripening process. As a result, apples can be found in markets year-round, regardless of harvest season.