Asthma

Asthma is a long-term condition affecting the airways in the lungs. The airways become overly responsive to inhaled irritants, causing swelling inside the airway, constriction of the surrounding muscles, and excess mucus production. The result is difficult breathing in and out.

Asthma occurs in both children and adults, usually beginning in childhood. The condition is variable: a person may feel normal for many days, then experience an attack in which symptoms worsen suddenly. Long-term treatment and avoidance of triggers allow most people to lead active lives.

Symptoms

The most common symptoms are wheezing, shortness of breath during exertion, coughing particularly at night or in the early morning, and chest tightness. Symptoms typically worsen at night, after physical activity, or during certain seasons. A severe attack can cause difficulty speaking and require immediate medical care.

Triggers

Common triggers for attacks include household dust and dust mites, animal hair, pollen, mold, cigarette smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes, cold air, exercise, and respiratory infections. Each person has an individual list of triggers; therefore, identifying what causes attacks is an important part of treatment.

Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosis is based on symptom history, physical examination, and lung function tests such as spirometry or peak flow measurements. Treatment falls into two categories: quick-relief medications that open the airways during an attack, and long-term control medications (usually inhaled steroids) that reduce inflammation over time. Most medications are delivered by inhaler directly to the lungs.