Autism

Autism, or autism spectrum disorder, is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects how a person relates to others, uses language, and processes change. It is called a spectrum—a wide range of variation—because symptoms and their severity differ considerably from one person to another.

Symptoms typically appear in early childhood, though some go unrecognized until later, particularly in women and people whose support needs are less visible. Autism cannot be cured; support focuses on developing skills and adapting the environment to suit the individual.

Key features

Two main categories are commonly described. First: social communication differences—reduced eye contact, difficulty recognizing others' emotions without explicit communication, and atypical interaction patterns. Second: repetitive behaviors and intense interests—repetitive movements (such as hand flapping), need for consistent routines, and heightened or reduced sensitivity to sound, light, touch, or taste.

Causes and diagnosis

Research indicates genetics play a significant role, with many genes of small effect interacting to influence brain development. Environmental factors related to pregnancy and the postnatal period have also been studied. Diagnosis is based on observation of behavior and developmental history—there is no single blood test or brain scan that determines it.

Support and social perspectives

Support programs include communication and language training, specialized education support, and family assistance. In recent years, the neurodiversity movement has proposed viewing autism as a different way the brain works, rather than solely as a condition to be treated, emphasizing that society and workplaces should accommodate diverse needs.