Basil

Basil (scientific name: Ocimum basilicum) is a small aromatic shrub belonging to the Lamiaceae (mint) family. It is an annual plant in temperate regions—completing its life cycle in a single growing season—but can survive for many years in warm climates. The leaves are green, smooth, and have a strong smell derived from the volatile oils they contain.

It is cultivated in many countries in Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Africa. Somali people and inhabitants of the Indian Ocean region use basil as a house plant, in tea, and in traditional medicine, and it is customary to grow it in a small pot near the door.

Plant characteristics

The stem of basil is typically four-sided, like most plants in the mint family. The leaves are arranged opposite one another in pairs. The flowers are small, white or pale red, arranged in a dense elongated cluster rising from the top of the stem. When the flower is allowed to mature, the leaves become tougher and the stem becomes thinner; for this reason, most growers prune the flower head to encourage new leaf growth.

Varieties

Ocimum basilicum has numerous selected varieties. These include the large-leafed type used in Italian cooking, a small-leafed type, and varieties with purple leaves. There are also Asian varieties with flavors reminiscent of lemon or anise. A variety known as holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) is a related but distinct species native to India.

Cultivation

Basil requires heat and abundant sunlight. Cold below freezing kills the plant quickly. It is grown from small seeds sown on the surface of soil and watered regularly but without the soil becoming waterlogged. It can also be propagated from cuttings placed in water until roots appear.

Uses

In cuisine, basil is added to soups, rice, meat, and vegetable dishes. Italian cooking uses it to make pesto sauce, while Southeast Asian cuisines add it to curries. Fresh leaves are also used in tea. Oil extracted from basil is used as a fragrance and in body products. Traditional medicine uses it for digestion and cough, though these health benefits have not been established by rigorous scientific research.