Beryllium

Beryllium (symbol: Be) is a chemical element with atomic number 4. It is the lightest element of Group 2 of the periodic table (the alkaline earth metals). It is a steel-gray metal that is hard but brittle, and its density is lower than that of most common metals.

Beryllium does not occur in nature in pure form; it is found in minerals such as beryl and bertrandite. Beryl crystal is also the source of valuable gemstones such as emerald and aquamarine—their different colors are caused by small amounts of other elements. The name of the element comes from the beryl mineral itself.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Beryllium has high melting point and modulus of elasticity (the stiffness of the metal's crystal structure) relative to its density. Because of its low atomic number, it allows X-rays to pass through readily, making it valuable in the windows of X-ray devices. It also forms a naturally occurring oxide layer in air that protects the surface.

Uses

The most common application is in alloys, particularly copper-beryllium, which is used in electrical contacts, springs, and non-sparking tools. It is also used in aircraft parts and aerospace, telescopes, and instruments for measuring radiation. In nuclear engineering it serves as a neutron reflector and moderator, because of how it interacts with neutrons.

Health Hazards

Beryllium dust and fumes are toxic when inhaled. Prolonged exposure can cause a lung disease known as beryllosis (chronic beryllium disease), which is an inflammation of the lungs. It is also thought to be a carcinogen. For this reason, factories manufacturing beryllium products are required to follow strict safety protocols including ventilation, protective equipment, and regular monitoring.