Branch

A branch is the hard part of a tree or woody plant that grows from the trunk (the main thick stem) or from another, larger branch. Branches bear leaves, flowers, and fruit, and function as pathways through which water and nutrients move.

The Somali word 'laan' also has a second meaning: a section or division of an institution or company (for example, 'laanta maaliyadda', the finance branch). This article focuses on the botanical meaning of the term.

Formation

Branches originate from tiny growing points called meristems, located in the trunk or existing branches. When a meristem becomes active, a new branch grows outward each year. Lower branches that fall into deep shade often die and drop off, giving the tree a form that maximizes exposure to sunlight.

Function

Branches perform three major functions. First, they support leaves so they can receive sunlight, increasing photosynthetic capacity. Second, they contain vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) that carry water and nutrients from the roots and distribute them through the trunk. Third, they store food and water during periods of drought.

Attachment to the trunk

The point where a branch leaves the trunk has a specially structured zone. When a branch is cut or falls away, the tree seals the wound by growing new protective tissue. For this reason, pruning branches (as in cultivation) is recommended to be done near the base of the branch but without damaging the trunk itself.

Human uses

Branches are used for fuel, construction of houses and animal pens, and for weaving. In Somalia, branches from trees such as qudhac, galool, and cadaad are made into fencing, and branches with leaves are valued as livestock fodder during the dry season.