Camel

The camel (also called geela) is a mammal belonging to the genus Camelus. It is characterized by a hump (or humps) on its back that stores fat. The one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) is the most common type in Africa and the Middle East, while the two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus) is prevalent in Central Asia.

In Somalia and East Africa generally, camels are large livestock kept for milk, meat, transport, and trade. Pastoral communities living in arid regions depend on camels because they can survive prolonged drought and extreme heat.

Physical characteristics

The camel has a long neck, long legs, and broad feet with a special pad that allows it to walk on hot sand without sinking. The hump stores fat, not water as commonly believed. When the body uses this fat, it releases both energy and water. The eyes are protected by long eyelashes and a third eyelid that shields against sand, while the nostrils can be sealed shut during sandstorms.

Adaptation to water scarcity

Camels can survive for long periods without drinking water, especially during the cool season. Their body temperature can fluctuate throughout the day, reducing their need to sweat and conserve water. When water is available, they can drink large quantities rapidly. Because of the distinctive shape of their blood cells, rapid water intake does not cause tissue damage.

Economic and cultural value

Camel milk is an important food rich in nutrients and vitamins, typically consumed fresh. Camel meat is marketed both locally and internationally; Somalia and Somali regions export live camels, especially during festivals and holidays. Camels also transport goods and families during migrations, and their hides are used to make leather and rope.

Cultural significance

Camels feature prominently in Somali oral tradition: poetry, work songs, and proverbs. The Somali language contains numerous terms distinguishing camels by age, sex, and condition—such as hal (female camel), awr (male camel carrying a heavy load), and nirig (young camel). The collective term for camels is herrin or geel.