Cattle

Cattle (singular: head) are herbivorous animals belonging to the family Bovidae, domesticated by humans in ancient times. They are grass-eating animals with a four-chambered stomach, which enables them to digest tough woody plant material. Cattle are raised for milk, meat, hides, and dung; in many places they are also used for leather goods and agricultural work.

The most commonly raised breed is called Bos taurus, while the hump-backed variety adapted to tropical climates (zebu) is usually classified as Bos indicus. The two types can interbreed, producing numerous hybrid varieties found across Africa and Asia.

Physical characteristics

Cattle have a four-chambered stomach: the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. Grass consumed is first stored in the rumen, where bacteria and other microorganisms break down cellulose. Subsequently the animal regurgitates the food and chews it again—a process called rumination. Cattle typically have horns, though some breeds lack them. Coloring, size, and body shape vary among breeds.

Reproduction and growth

Cattle have a gestation period of approximately nine months. Usually a single calf is born each time. The calf nurses for months, then transitions to plant-based feed. Calves produce milk after birth; milk yield depends on breed, diet, and care.

Economic and social importance

Cattle are among the world's most important livestock. They provide milk processed into butter, cheese, and dairy products, as well as meat. Hide is used to make leather (shoes and bags). Dung is used for fuel or oil. In many African countries, including Somalia, cattle constitute among the most valuable assets for pastoralists and form part of bride-price, social status, and kinship and family ties.

Cattle in Somalia

In Somalia, cattle are mainly raised in the southern regions near the Jubba and Shabelle rivers and in areas of higher rainfall. Local breeds can withstand heat and drought. Cattle form part of the country's livestock exports, although sheep and camels typically outnumber cattle in export volumes.

Health and disease

Cattle are affected by many diseases including foot-and-mouth disease and infections transmitted by ticks and biting insects. Vaccination and preventive treatment are managed in areas with livestock health services. Drought reduces pasture and water, lowering milk production and animal health.