Chameleon

Chameleons (Chamaeleonidae) are a family of reptiles classified within lizards. They are recognized by their flattened bodies, large bulbous eyes that can move independently, a long prehensile tongue that extends rapidly, and their ability to change skin colour.

Most species live in Africa, particularly in Madagascar and East Africa, though they are also found in the Arabian Peninsula, India, and parts of southern Europe. They typically inhabit trees and shrubs, with some species living on the ground or in grassland.

Body appearance

Chameleon feet are divided into two opposable groups, enabling a firm grip on branches. Many species have a prehensile tail that also aids in grasping. Some species have horns or a helmet-like crest on the head, often larger than the body.

Eyes and hunting

Each eye of a chameleon can move independently of the other, allowing it to observe two different directions simultaneously. When it spots prey, both eyes focus on the target to gauge distance, after which its long tongue shoots out rapidly. Their diet consists mainly of insects; larger species also eat small reptiles and birds.

Colour change

Colour change is controlled by specialized cells in the skin. Contrary to common belief, the function is not solely camouflage; it typically reflects body temperature, stress, or communication with other individuals—for example, defensive displays or courtship signals.

Reproduction and conservation

Many species lay eggs in the soil, while others give live birth. Some species from Madagascar have a short lifespan of less than one year. Habitat loss and the pet trade have affected many species, some of which are now on protection lists.