Charcoal

Charcoal is a black, carbon-rich substance produced when wood or other plant material is heated in a space with little or no air. This process is called pyrolysis, which is the decomposition of natural matter without complete burning. Water and light gases escape, leaving behind mostly carbon.

Charcoal is used for both domestic and commercial fuel. It produces high heat with less smoke than fresh wood, and it is lighter than wood, making it easier to carry and transport to market. It is also used in metal casting, water purification, and certain medicines.

How it is made

The traditional method involves piling wood, covering it with earth or clay, and then igniting it. The covering regulates air flow so the wood does not burn completely. After several days, the pile cools and charcoal is removed. Modern industrial facilities use steel kilns that trap escaping gases, reducing smoke and waste.

Use and type

Charcoal for domestic use typically comes in broken pieces or compressed briquettes. Activated carbon, produced by heating charcoal and gas to create a porous form, is used to filter water and air. Artists also use charcoal for drawing.

Economy and environment

In many African and Asian countries, charcoal is a major source of domestic fuel in cities. The trade provides work for many people, but sustained tree-cutting can affect forest cover and soil. Some governments have enacted laws limiting cutting and distribution, while promoting higher-efficiency kilns and alternative fuels such as gas.