Cobalt

Cobalt (chemical symbol: Co) is a metal with atomic number 27. It is a hard metal with a silver-blue color and is ferromagnetic—meaning it responds to magnetic fields in the manner of iron and nickel. It belongs to the group of transition metals on the periodic table.

In nature, cobalt does not occur in pure form on its own. It is mostly found in mixed ores alongside nickel and copper, and is typically extracted as a byproduct of copper and nickel mining.

Physical and chemical properties

Cobalt is a hard metal with a very high melting point and lustrous appearance. It maintains ferromagnetism up to a very high temperature, which makes it useful in magnetic devices that operate in hot environments. Chemically, cobalt commonly exhibits oxidation states of +2 and +3. Some of its compounds display a distinctive blue color.

Uses

The largest current use is in lithium-ion batteries, where cobalt is used as part of the positive electrode. It is also used in superalloys designed for aircraft engines, because they withstand high heat. Other applications include permanent magnets, catalysts for chemical industries, and pigments for textiles and paints.

Nutrition and health

Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12 (cobalamin), which the human body requires in small amounts. It is therefore considered an essential nutritional element, but large quantities have harmful effects.

Production and related issues

A large share of global cobalt is produced in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mining practices there, including small-scale hand mining, have become a subject of debate regarding child labor and worker safety. In response to demand from electric vehicle batteries, some manufacturers are seeking ways to reduce or replace cobalt.