Cross

A cross is a geometric shape consisting of two lines or bars that intersect. When the two lines are of equal length and intersect at their midpoints, it is called an equal-armed cross; when the vertical line is longer than the horizontal one, it is called a Latin cross or long cross.

This shape appears in art and symbols of many peoples predating Christianity, and was sometimes used to represent the four directions or the sun. However, its most common use today is linked to Christianity, stemming from the account of the crucifixion of Jesus recorded in Christian scripture.

Origins and early history

The Roman Empire used the cross as a form of execution, in which a person was nailed or bound to intersecting boards until death. This punishment was typically applied to slaves, rebels, and political criminals. Christians believe that Jesus was executed in this manner, which made the cross the supreme symbol of their faith.

In the earliest centuries, Christians did not openly use the cross as a symbol; other symbols such as the fish were employed instead. The widespread use of the cross in churches, cemeteries, and religious art can be traced to later periods of Christian history.

Varieties

Many types of cross exist, distinguished by the length of the arms and the shape of the ends. These include the Latin cross (with the vertical arm longer), the Greek cross (with arms of equal length), the Orthodox cross (with additional crossbars), and the saltire cross (shaped like the letter X). Each has its own history and use associated with particular churches or regions.

Other uses

The cross appears in the flags and emblems of many countries, particularly in Northern Europe. The medical and emergency services use a red cross with a white background; other organizations use a similar symbol in different colors. In mathematics and engineering, the addition sign (+) and the multiplication sign (×) are forms of the cross.