Eid al-Fitr

Eid al-Fitr is one of the two major Islamic festivals. It is observed on the first day of Shawwal, the month following Ramadan, during which Muslims fast. The term 'fitr' refers to the breaking of the fast, signifying the completion of the fasting period.

In Somali it is also known as 'Ciid Yareey' or 'Ciidii Yar' (the Small Festival), to distinguish it from Eid al-Adha, known as 'Ciid Weyneey' (the Great Festival). In other languages it is called Eid al-Fitr (English), Aïd el-Fitr (French), and Ramazan Bayramı (Turkish).

History and determination of the date

The Islamic calendar is lunar-based, so the Gregorian date of Eid shifts backward each year by approximately ten days. The beginning of Shawwal is determined by the sighting of the new moon (ru'yatul-hilaal) or by astronomical calculation. Consequently, different countries sometimes observe Eid on dates separated by one day.

Eid prayers and worship

On Eid morning, a special prayer is performed, typically in an open space or a large mosque, followed by a sermon. The prayer consists of two units (rak'aat) with extended takbir (magnification of God). Before the prayer, Zakat al-Fitr must be given—a form of charity consisting of food or its equivalent value, distributed by each household member to the poor. It is also customary to eat something light before the prayer, distinguishing this day from the fasting days.

Community practices

Eid is marked by extensive social customs: wearing new clothes, preparing special dishes, visiting family and neighbours, and giving money or gifts to children. In Somalia and other Muslim regions, Eid is an official holiday when work and schools are closed, and the period is marked by gatherings, sports, and public celebrations. The common greeting is 'Ciid wanaagsan' or 'Ciid mubaarak' (Happy Eid or Blessed Eid).