Elementary Mathematics
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Elementary mathematics is a general term used for the basic branches of mathematics taught in primary and secondary schools. These include counting, operations on numbers, fractions, percentages and decimals, basic geometry, measurement, and introductory algebra.
These subjects serve as the foundation for advanced mathematics, such as calculus and analysis. Teaching typically relies on continuous practice and problem-solving with concrete objects, rather than on proofs of abstract ideas.
Numbers and operations
Teaching begins with natural numbers (1, 2, 3, ...) and zero, then proceeds to negative numbers, fractions, and decimal numbers. The four basic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Students also learn place value systems, divisibility, prime numbers, and methods for mental arithmetic and estimation.
Introductory algebra
Basic algebra replaces numbers with letters representing unknown quantities. Students learn expressions, linear and quadratic equations, systems of equations, and graphs relating two variables on a coordinate plane.
Geometry and measurement
This section includes shapes such as triangles, quadrilaterals and circles; calculation of perimeter, area and volume. It also covers angle measurement, similarity and congruence of figures, and the Pythagorean theorem for relating the lengths of sides in right triangles.
Curriculum and application
Elementary mathematics education is a mandatory component of the curriculum in many countries and is assessed through national and international examinations. The skills obtained are used in everyday life: commerce, budgeting, measurement and understanding numerical reports.