Five Star Movement

The Five Star Movement (commonly abbreviated M5S, here called MD5) is an Italian political movement founded in 2009. It was co-founded by blog commentators and writer Beppe Grillo and technology entrepreneur Gianroberto Casaleggio. From its inception, the movement described itself as a 'mobilization' rather than a conventional political party, rejecting the hierarchical structure typical of established parties.

The name 'five stars' refers to five issues that originally formed part of its platform: public water, public transportation, sustainable development, internet access, and environmental protection. The movement's main appeal to voters rested on fighting corruption, reducing political spending, and ending party ties to business interests.

Internal organization and internet use

The M5S operated according to a model it called 'direct democracy.' Registered members participated in online voting on candidate selection, program approval, and strategic decisions. The voting platform was managed by a company connected to the Casaleggio family, which sparked debate over transparency and data control. The movement also initially imposed term limits on office-holders, permitting a maximum of two consecutive terms.

Role in parliament and government

In the 2013 general election, the M5S won significant support and became one of the largest parliamentary groups in Italy. By 2018 it had become the largest bloc in the Chamber of Deputies. It subsequently entered into various coalitions: first with the League party, then with the Democratic Party, and later with a broad government including most parties in parliament. Participation in government led to shifts in the movement's earlier positions and divisions among some members.

Leadership and fragmentation

Over time, Beppe Grillo retained a 'guarantor' role rather than serving as formal leader. Political leadership passed to different figures, including Luigi Di Maio and Giuseppe Conte. Tensions among parliamentary members, the emergence of rival factions, and revisions to internal rules reflected the difficulty of converting an opposition movement into a governing party.