Hyaena

Hyaena is the common name for carnivorous mammals of the family Hyaenidae. These are carnivores found mainly in Africa and parts of the Middle East and South Asia. Although their appearance resembles that of dogs, genetic analysis shows them to be closer to cats and related families (Feliformia) than to dogs.

Hyaenas are characterized by a large head, powerful jaws, and teeth capable of crushing bone. The front shoulders are higher than the rear, producing a sloped appearance when moving. Each species has distinctive colouring and markings: some are spotted, others striped.

Species

The family Hyaenidae today comprises four living species. The spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) is the largest and most abundant, found in sub-Saharan Africa. The striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) inhabits North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. The brown hyaena (Parahyaena brunnea) is confined to southern Africa. The fourth species, the aardwolf (Proteles cristata), is smaller and feeds primarily on termites.

Hunting and diet

Spotted hyaenas hunt in packs and feed on fresh kills and scavenged remains from other predators. Their powerful jaws allow them to consume parts of carcasses other animals cannot use, including bone and hide. Striped and brown hyaenas typically forage alone or in small groups, hunting fresh prey and also consuming fruit, eggs, and small animals.

Social structure and communication

Spotted hyaenas live in large groups called clans, in which females typically rank above males in a hierarchy linked to lineage and maternal descent. Communication occurs through vocalizations, scent marking, and posture. The distinctive whooping call of the spotted hyaena is well known, associated with territorial disputes and confrontations.

Hyaenas and humans

In livestock-raising areas, hyaenas sometimes attack sheep, goats, and camels, causing conflict and retaliatory killing by humans. Conversely, in some Ethiopian towns hyaenas live in human settlements, benefiting from refuse. In Somali and broader Horn of Africa cultures, hyaenas feature prominently in folktales and proverbs.