Khat

Khat (also known as qaad, qaadka, miira or mirqaan) is a tall shrub or tree with the scientific name Catha edulis. People chew its leaves and tender branches to obtain a stimulant effect. It grows naturally in the highlands of Ethiopia, Kenya, Yemen and parts of Somalia, but is now used in many regions including diaspora communities.

Khat use has a significant social dimension: people gather in spaces, sit for long periods, and discuss politics, business and daily affairs together. It also plays an important economic role in many countries, as cultivation and trade in khat provide income and employment for numerous farmers, transporters and merchants.

The Plant and Cultivation

Catha edulis belongs to the family Celastraceae. It grows well in highland soils, moderate rainfall and areas with good water drainage. Once planted, the tree can be harvested for many years. Fresh leaves command the highest price, because the stimulant compounds diminish as the leaves age. This is why khat is rushed to market rapidly, often the same day or evening it is harvested.

Effects on the Body

The most active compounds in khat are cathinone and cathine, which are chemically similar to amphetamines. Typical effects include increased alertness, talkativeness, reduced appetite and difficulty sleeping. When the effect wears off, some users experience fatigue, low mood or anxiety. Chronic use has been associated with oral and gastrointestinal problems, high blood pressure and psychological dependence.

Economics and Trade

Khat is a commodity generating significant foreign exchange. Ethiopia and Kenya are the largest producers supplying international markets, while Yemen consumes most of its domestic supply. The trade chain depends on rapid transport—vehicles and aircraft—because the product deteriorates quickly. Khat cultivation is sometimes connected to disputes over land and water use, particularly in areas where it has replaced food crops.

Law and Policy

Legal status varies widely between countries and regions. Many countries in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula permit it and levy tax on sales. Others, including Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and much of Europe, have restricted or banned it. Bans imposed by Western countries have affected the income of farmers dependent on khat export and have generated political debate.