Maize

Maize (scientific name: Zea mays) is a cereal crop of the grass family (Poaceae), grown for its white or yellow kernels contained within a cob wrapped in leaf-like husks. It is one of the three most productive crops in the world, along with wheat and rice.

In Somalia, maize is cultivated in agricultural regions, particularly in the areas between the Shabelle and Juba rivers and in the rainfall-dependent lands of the east and south. The kernels are milled and made into flour and porridge, while the cobs and stalks serve as livestock feed.

Origins and spread

Maize originated in central Mexico, where domesticators developed it from a wild grass thousands of years ago. Following maritime trade in the 15th and 16th centuries, it reached Europe, Africa, and Asia. It spread rapidly through Africa because it adapts to varied climates and matures quickly compared to other crops.

Plant characteristics

Maize is an annual plant with a single unbranched stalk, reaching between one and over three metres in height depending on variety. It has male flowers located at the top of the stalk and female flowers emerging from the sides; the silks protruding from the cob are the part that receives pollen. Pollination is mostly wind-driven, which means cross-pollination occurs readily when different varieties grow near one another.

Uses

In human food, maize is used as livestock feed, oil extracted from the kernels, syrup, and industrial starch. In some countries, it is processed into biofuel ethanol. Dried kernels can be stored easily for long periods, making maize an important food security crop.