Malnutrition

Malnutrition (also called poor nutrition) is a condition arising when a person receives nutrients in amounts below or above what the body needs, or an imbalanced intake of nutrients. The term covers both undernutrition—deficiency in food intake and nutrients—and overnutrition, or excess weight and obesity.

Malnutrition is not solely a matter of food scarcity. It is linked to infectious diseases such as diarrhea and respiratory infections, unsafe water, poor sanitation, inadequate healthcare, and economic and social conditions. Young children and pregnant women are most vulnerable.

Forms of malnutrition

Undernutrition is classified in several ways. Wasting occurs when weight is very low for height, indicating recent malnutrition. Stunting occurs when height is below the level expected for age, indicating prolonged malnutrition. Underweight combines both measures. There are also severe forms of malnutrition such as kwashiorkor (associated with protein deficiency in children, characterized by swelling) and marasmus (severe overall wasting).

Micronutrient deficiencies

Apart from energy and protein deficiency, malnutrition can result from inadequate intake of minerals and vitamins (micronutrients). The most common are iron deficiency (causing anemia), vitamin A deficiency (affecting vision and immune function), iodine deficiency (affecting thyroid hormones and brain development), and zinc deficiency. These can occur even in people of normal weight.

Effects

Children growing up with malnutrition develop weak immune systems, increasing disease risk. Prolonged stunting can impair cognitive development and learning, with effects lasting into adulthood. Malnourished pregnant women may give birth to underweight infants.

Treatment and prevention

Severe malnutrition in children is treated with specially formulated, nutrient-dense food, some of which can be given at home (such as prepared foods ready to eat). Complicated cases involving medical complications require hospital care. Prevention depends on good nutrition in early months, age-appropriate balanced diet, vaccination, safe water, and accessible healthcare.