Mountain

A mountain is a portion of land that rises significantly above the surrounding terrain and typically has a steep slope (flank) and a distinct summit. Most mountains (plural form) are found in ranges or chains, which are connected by valleys and passes.

There is no universally agreed international threshold that distinguishes a mountain from a hill. Some countries apply specific elevation criteria to define the height of a summit or the difference between a peak and the surrounding land.

How mountains form

Most large mountains result from historical tectonic activity: when two continental plates collide, rock layers fold and rise upward. There are also volcanic mountains built from lava rock that emerged from the earth, and those formed when hard rock resists erosion while the surrounding land wears away.

Climate and life

As elevation increases, temperature drops and air humidity decreases. For this reason, a single mountain can have multiple distinct ecological zones stacked one above another: dense forest at the base, then sparse trees and woodland, followed by rock and ice at high altitudes. Very high mountains hold permanent snow and glaciers, which feed the rivers of the lowlands below.

People and mountains

People living on mountains typically rely on pastoralism, terraced farming, and trade along mountain passes. Mountains also hold religious and cultural significance, with certain peaks regarded as sacred sites. Mountain climbing has developed as both a sport and a recreational activity.