Mumps

Mumps is a viral infection that affects the salivary glands. The most common sign is swelling of the parotid gland, located below and in front of the ear, which gives the face a puffy appearance.

The disease is caused by a virus of the paramyxovirus family. It spreads through respiratory droplets from the mouth and nose: coughing, sneezing, or sharing food or drink. The incubation period—from infection to the onset of symptoms—is roughly two weeks. An infected person can transmit the virus before the swelling appears.

Symptoms

The infection typically begins with fever, headache, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Swelling and pain of one or both parotid glands follows. Chewing and swallowing become painful, particularly acidic foods. Many infected people show mild or no symptoms.

Potential complications

The virus can affect other organs. In adult males, inflammation of the testes (orchitis) may develop; in females, inflammation of the ovaries is possible. Inflammation of the brain membranes (meningitis), pancreas inflammation (pancreatitis), and permanent deafness in one ear are also possible, though rare.

Treatment and prevention

There is no specific antiviral treatment. Management focuses on symptom relief: rest, fluids, painkillers and fever reducers, and soft food. Antibiotics are ineffective since the illness is viral.

Prevention relies on vaccination. The MMR vaccine combines protection against measles, mumps, and rubella, and is routinely given twice in childhood. In countries with strong vaccination programs, case numbers have dropped sharply.