Nectar

Nectar is a sweet fluid secreted by plants, typically produced by specific tissues within flowers. It consists mainly of sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) dissolved in water, along with smaller quantities of amino acids, minerals, and other organic compounds. Nectar functions as a food reward: animals visit flowers to feed on it, and in doing so, they transfer pollen between plants.

This interaction is a well-known example of mutualism—a relationship where both parties benefit. The plant gains pollination, while the animal obtains energy. Small birds such as hummingbirds, certain insects including bees, butterflies, and some beetles are among the most common nectar feeders.

Where it is produced

The tissue that produces nectar is called a nectary. When located inside a flower, it is called a floral nectary and is directly involved in pollination. There are also extrafloral nectaries, found on leaves, stems, or the base of the leaf stalk; these often secrete nectar that helps the plant defend itself against herbivorous animals.

Flower shape variation

Flower structure and the location of nectar typically match the anatomy of visiting animals. Long, tube-shaped flowers suit the long beaks of hummingbirds or proboscis of butterflies, while open, flat flowers are accessible to bees and beetles. This variation is understood as the result of coevolution over long periods.

Honey and human use

Bees collect nectar and reduce its water content through enzymatic action to produce honey. This is why nectar is important to honey production. Plants such as clover, linden, and many other flowering trees influence the flavor and color of honey.