Neem

Neem (scientific name: Azadirachta indica) is a large tree of the family Meliaceae. It originates from the Indian subcontinent, but today grows in many regions of tropical and subtropical climates, including Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia. In Somaliland and Somalia, particularly in urban areas, it has been planted for shade and protection.

The tree can withstand low rainfall and high temperatures, which makes it useful for combating desertification. Its leaves, fruit, and oil extracted from the seed contain chemical compounds used in traditional medicine and for pest control.

Characteristics of the tree

Neem is a medium to tall tree with spreading branches that form a dense canopy. Its leaves are compound, with many small leaflets that have serrated edges arranged along a central stem. The flowers are white, small, and clustered. The fruit, when ripe, is yellow-green, and contains one to two seeds.

Uses

Small twigs of the tree are used by some communities to clean teeth (a natural toothbrush). The seed oil is used in soap manufacture and cosmetics. In agriculture, the leaves and seed oil are applied as a natural pesticide; the most active component is azadirachtin, which affects insect development.

Habitat and distribution

The tree prefers abundant sunlight and tropical to subtropical moisture. It tolerates low rainfall and high temperatures, but struggles in waterlogged soil and frost. Because of its rapid growth and the fact that birds disperse its seeds, some regions consider it an invasive species that competes with native vegetation.