Puberty

Puberty (also called baluh, baluug, or baluuqnimo in Somali) is a developmental stage in which the body acquires reproductive capacity. It results from hormonal changes—chemical messengers released into the bloodstream—that activate the reproductive organs and the body more broadly. This stage forms part of what is called adolescence, though puberty specifically refers to the physical transformations.

The onset of puberty varies from person to person. Generally, girls begin before boys, by several years. Many factors influence timing, including family history, nutrition, overall health, and body weight. For this reason, two people of the same age may be at different stages.

Hormonal mechanism

Puberty originates in the brain. The hypothalamus, a region of the brain, strongly releases a stimulating hormone that affects the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain. This gland sends hormones to the reproductive organs: the ovaries in girls and the testes in boys. These organs then produce estrogen and testosterone, which drive the visible physical changes in the body.

Changes in girls

The earliest sign is usually breast development. Hair also appears in the pubic area and underarms; the torso and skin broaden; height increases. Menstruation begins some time after other changes start and is an important indicator that the reproductive system is functioning.

Changes in boys

In boys, enlargement of the testicles and penis comes first. This is followed by pubic and facial hair; the voice deepens; shoulders and muscles develop; height increases rapidly. Sexual arousal begins and can occur during sleep.

Mental and social dimensions

This stage is accompanied by changes in thinking and emotion: new self-awareness, sexual feelings, and desires for independence. In Islam, puberty marks the point at which a person becomes subject to religious obligations and Islamic law. Some legal systems also use age—not physical signs alone—when determining legal responsibility.