Rhinoceros

The rhinoceros (Rhinocerotidae) is a family of large mammals belonging to the order Perissodactyla, which comprises hoofed animals with an odd number of toes (this group also includes horses and tapirs). Rhinoceroses are large animals with thick skin, short legs, and typically one or two horns projecting from the snout and forehead.

The rhinoceros horn is not bone like the horns of cattle; it is composed of keratin, the same material that makes up hair and nails. Rhinoceroses are herbivores: they feed on grasses, leaves, and branches. Their eyesight is poor, but their hearing and sense of smell are keen, and they rely mainly on these senses to perceive their surroundings.

Species

Five species are alive today. Two are found in Africa: the white rhinoceros and the black rhinoceros—their names do not refer to colour, but differ in the shape of the mouth and feeding habits. The white rhinoceros has a broad, flat lip for grazing grass from the ground; the black rhinoceros has a pointed lip for browsing leaves and branches. The other three species live in Asia: the Indian rhinoceros (which has one horn), the Javan rhinoceros, and the Sumatran rhinoceros.

Life and reproduction

Rhinoceroses are mostly solitary, except for mothers and their calves; white rhinoceroses sometimes form small groups. Pregnancy is long, lasting more than a year, and usually only one calf is born. Natural lifespan can reach forty years or more. Rhinoceroses use mud and dust baths to regulate body temperature and protect themselves from parasites.

Conservation threat

Most rhinoceros species face grave danger and are listed among endangered species. The primary causes are illegal poaching for the horn—horns are sold on illegal markets, particularly for traditional medicine and ornamental purposes—and habitat destruction. Governments and conservation organizations work to protect natural reserves, prevent horn poaching, and regulate international trade.