Sodium Bicarbonate

Sodium bicarbonate is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO₃. It typically occurs as a white, fine powder with a taste that is both slightly salty and bitter. It dissolves in water and readily forms an alkaline solution, which means it acts to neutralize acidity.

Common names include baking soda and bicarbonate of soda. The term natron was historically used for natural deposits containing a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, which were extracted from dried salt lakes.

Chemical Properties

When sodium bicarbonate encounters an acid—for example vinegar or lemon juice—it releases carbon dioxide gas, water, and salt. This gas produces the bubbling effect that is observed. Similarly, when heated above about 50 degrees Celsius, it breaks down into sodium carbonate, water, and carbon dioxide. Both of these reactions form the basis for its use in cooking.

Food Use

Bakers and cooks use it as a leavening agent. The gas it produces rises through the dough and makes it lighter. When used alone, the food must contain an acid for the reaction to occur; otherwise a salty taste remains. Baking powder is a premixed combination containing bicarbonate and an acidic salt.

Medical and Cleaning Applications

Medicinally, it is used as an antacid to reduce stomach acidity and also as an intravenous solution when the body produces excess acid. In households it is used for cleaning, removing odours, and scouring surfaces, since the powder is a mild abrasive that does not scratch surfaces easily.