The Four Seasons

The four seasons are the major divisions of the annual climate cycle, which recur in sequence each year. The global system based on Earth's position and day length distinguishes spring (Gu'), summer (Xagaa), autumn (Dayr), and winter (Jiilaal). The shift between seasons results from Earth's axial tilt, which causes the sun's rays to strike different parts of Earth at different angles as it orbits the sun.

Somalia, located in the equatorial region, does not experience the sharp temperature variations seen in temperate zones. For this reason, the four seasons are marked by rainfall and winds rather than by cold and heat. The names Gu', Xagaa, Dayr, and Jiilaal thus refer to two alternating rainy seasons and two alternating dry seasons.

Gu'

Gu' is the heaviest rainy season. It typically begins in March or April and extends to June. Gu' rains replenish pastures and well water, and are essential for rain-fed agriculture and livestock herding. Pastoral communities generally return to settled areas during this season.

Xagaa

Xagaa follows Gu'. It is a dry season marked by strong winds from the southwest monsoon. Coastal areas experience large waves and fishing becomes difficult. Parts of the country receive light rain known as karan, particularly in central and northwestern regions.

Dayr

Dayr is the second rainy season, generally occurring from October to November. Its rains are lighter than Gu' and vary considerably by location. Years when Dayr brings little rain cause pastures and water to diminish before Jiilaal arrives, which affects food security.

Jiilaal

Jiilaal is the driest season, lasting from December to March. Water is confined to wells and ponds, and herds are moved to water-rich areas. Jiilaal also serves as a measure of drought severity: if both Dayr and Gu' bring poor rains, Jiilaal becomes a period of severe drought.