Titanium

Titanium (chemical symbol: Ti, atomic number: 22) is a transition metal characterized by high strength combined with low density and high resistance to corrosion. In pure form, it has a silvery-white lustrous appearance.

Titanium is one of the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust, but it does not occur naturally as ore in its pure metallic form. It is extracted from minerals such as ilmenite and rutile. The primary industrial method is the Kroll process, in which titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄) is reduced with magnesium to produce titanium metal.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Titanium has a lower density than ordinary iron, though its strength approaches that of some hard metals. It is covered by a thin oxide film that protects it from corrosion when exposed to air and water, particularly seawater. For this reason, it is used in environments where corrosion is a problem. Its melting point is high, making it suitable for high-temperature applications.

Applications

Titanium alloys are used in aircraft and aerospace manufacturing, engines, and ship components. Because the human body does not reject it (biocompatibility), it is used for bone replacements, dental implants, and medical equipment. It is also used for sports equipment, eyeglass frames, and watches.

A large proportion of titanium ore is processed into titanium dioxide (TiO₂), a white powder used in paints, paper, food, and pharmaceuticals. Its use as a pigment exceeds its use as metal.

History and Etymology

The element was discovered in the late 18th century; the name 'titanium' derives from the Titans of Greek mythology. Large-scale production of pure metal began only in the 20th century, after development of the Kroll process, which gradually opened the way to industrial use.