Torso

The torso is the central region of the human body and that of many vertebrate animals. It excludes the head, neck, and limbs (arms and legs). The torso comprises the chest and abdomen and contains many of the organs essential to life.

The term torso is used in anatomy, figurative art, and medicine. Artists and anatomists regard the torso as the axis around which the body moves, since the spine runs through it and provides substantial support.

Divisions of the torso

The torso is generally divided into two major sections. One is the thorax, which houses the ribs, and the other is the abdomen. The two sections are separated by the diaphragm, a broad muscle that participates in breathing. The lower part of the abdomen is continuous with the pelvis.

Internal organs

The thorax contains the heart and lungs, with the esophagus passing through it. The abdomen contains the stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, kidneys, and pancreatic islets. The ribs and spine protect some organs, while the lower sections are attached to the abdominal muscles.

Muscles and movement

The muscles of the torso facilitate bending, twisting, and lateral flexion of the body. They include the back muscles that support the spine, as well as the front and lateral abdominal muscles. These muscles also participate in breathing and stabilizing the body during walking or lifting heavy loads.

Use in art

In drawing and sculpture, the term torso refers to a representation of the body without the head and limbs. Many ancient sculptures, particularly those of Greece and Rome, have survived to the present day in this form.