Vitiligo

Vitiligo is a skin condition that results from the loss or dysfunction of melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing skin pigment. The result is white patches or spots on the skin, usually noticeably different from the colour of the surrounding skin. It is not contagious; the condition cannot be transmitted through touch or contact with an affected person.

Vitiligo can affect anyone of any sex or age, but typically begins in childhood or middle age. Common sites of appearance include the hands, fingers, face (especially around the mouth and eyes), genitals, and areas around body orifices. It can also affect hair, which may grow white in the affected area.

Causes and mechanism

The exact cause is not fully understood, but the prevailing scientific theory is that vitiligo is an autoimmune condition—meaning the body's immune system attacks the pigment-producing cells as if they were foreign. It is also linked to genetics; some families have multiple affected members. Environmental factors such as sunburn, skin trauma, or stress are sometimes cited as potential triggers for the onset of symptoms.

Types and symptoms

Two main types are generally distinguished: generalized vitiligo, in which patches appear symmetrically on both sides of the body, and segmental vitiligo, confined to one side or one area. Patches may remain stable for years or expand progressively. Depigmented skin is vulnerable to sunburn, since melanin provides natural protection against ultraviolet light.

Diagnosis and treatment

A dermatologist typically diagnoses the condition by visual examination, sometimes using special light (Wood's lamp) to distinguish it from other causes of white patches. Blood tests may be performed to check for related conditions such as thyroid disease. Treatment cannot guarantee return of pigmentation, but several approaches are available: corticosteroid creams, calcineurin inhibitor medications, and light therapy using UVB. In extensive cases, some choose to depigment the remaining skin to achieve uniform colour. Sun protection and psychological support are important parts of management.