Wales

Wales is a country located on the western part of the island of Great Britain and is one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom. Its eastern border is shared with England, while its other sides are bordered by sea: the Irish Sea to the north, the Irish Sea to the west, and the Bristol Channel to the south. Its capital and largest city is Cardiff, located in the south.

Wales has a population of approximately three million. Two official languages are used: English and Welsh, which belongs to the Celtic language family. Welsh is taught in schools and appears on road signs and official media. Language use varies considerably by region, being stronger in the north and west.

Geography

The landscape of Wales is predominantly mountainous and valleys. The Snowdonia region in the north contains the highest mountains, topped by Snowdon. The coastline is extensive and varied, including bays and small islands. The South Wales Valleys form the most densely populated area, with a long history of coal mining.

History

Before its conquest, the area was inhabited by Celtic-speaking Britons. The Roman Empire controlled part of it. In the Middle Ages, Wales consisted of several small kingdoms, sometimes brought together under a single ruler. In the 13th century, the English king Edward I took over control and built a series of castles. In the 16th century, legislation called the Laws in Wales Acts formally incorporated Wales into the English legal system.

Government and administration

From the late 20th century onwards, Wales gained a system of devolution. The Welsh Parliament (Senedd Cymru) and Welsh Government administer matters such as health, education, the environment and culture. Defence, foreign affairs and certain tax matters remain under the United Kingdom Parliament in London. Wales also sends representatives to the general parliament at Westminster.

Economy and culture

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the economy relied on coal mining, iron and shipping ports. The decline of the mines in the late 20th century brought a shift towards services, tourism and new industries. Welsh culture is known for male voice choirs, poetry and music competitions called the Eisteddfod, and the sports of rugby and football. The national flag features a red dragon.