Wool
From Halbeeg, the open encyclopedia · Af-Soomaali
119 languages
Wool is a natural fibre obtained from the fleece of woolly animals, particularly sheep. It is used to make yarn, cloth, blankets, and felt. The basic process involves shearing the fibres, cleaning them, carding or combing them, and then spinning them into yarn.
What distinguishes wool from other animal hair is the structure of its surface: wool fibres have small overlapping scales and a natural crimp. These two features make wool fibres lock together when carded, which is why wool can be easily spun into yarn without needing additional bonding agents.
Properties
Wool traps air between its fibres, which prevents heat from escaping. For this reason, woollen cloth is used in cold climates. It also absorbs moisture in large quantities while remaining dry to the touch, and naturally resists burning when compared chemically to other fibres. Common impurities tend to reduce or disappear when hot water and soap are applied, though the odour of the animals may persist in some people's perception.
Sources of wool
The largest source is sheep of various breeds; Merino sheep are known for their fine, smooth fleece. Other animals yielding wool include goats (producing mohair and cashmere), camels, and alpacas. Sheep vary in fibre diameter (micron), length, and colour—these properties determine whether the wool is suitable for soft textiles or for making felt or blankets.
Processing
When freshly sheared, raw wool contains natural oils (lanolin), dirt, and plant matter. It is washed or soaked to remove these impurities. It is then carded or combed to align the fibres, after which it is spun into yarn. The yarn is then knitted or woven into cloth, which may be dyed before or after processing.
Uses and economics
Wool is used for warm clothing, blankets, felt, carpets, and household goods. It is also used for technical applications such as insulating buildings and reducing noise. Countries with significant wool industries include Australia, New Zealand, China, and several Southern African nations. The wool market faces competition from synthetic fibres such as polyester, which are cheaper.