Wrestling

Wrestling is a combat sport in which two people grapple with each other using their hands and bodies, with the aim of throwing one's opponent to the ground, pinning them, or achieving a dominant position. Wrestling does not involve striking with the fists or kicking; it relies on strength, balance, and technique.

Wrestling is among the oldest sports known to humanity. Early images and texts from ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and classical Greece depict wrestling. Today it exists in two forms: as a folk tradition (practiced in various cultures) and as a formal competitive sport governed by international rules.

Types of competitive wrestling at the international level

Two major types appear in the Olympic program: freestyle wrestling, in which competitors may use both arms and legs and may grip the opponent's legs; and Greco-Roman wrestling, in which holds below the waist are prohibited, requiring emphasis on upper body and back techniques. Both are governed by the international wrestling federation, which sets rules, weight classes, and scoring systems.

Scoring and victory

Matches take place on a padded circular mat over a set time divided into periods. Points are awarded for techniques such as takedowns, turnovers, and forcing an opponent out of bounds. Immediate victory is achieved when both shoulders of the opponent touch the mat for a brief moment (a pin). Competitors are separated into weight classes to ensure fair competition.

Folk wrestling traditions

Many cultures have their own forms of wrestling: güreş in Turkey, practiced with oil; sumo in Japan; ssireum in Korea; kushti in South Asia; and various African traditions connected to cultural ceremonies and harvest festivals. Rules differ: some traditions count victory only when a specific body part touches the ground, while others require the opponent to be completely thrown down.